- 1. (6-D-(2-Naphthyl)alanine)LHRH Acetate
- (UMLS (NCI) C0700477) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Pharmacologic Substance =6-D-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-GnRH;
=NAFARELIN ACETATE 2 MG/ML;
| - 50. DNA primer
- [short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptase to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0206416) =Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide =Oligo;
|
- 2. 6-D-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-GnRH
- [A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS. ( MSH )] (UMLS (NCI) C0064906) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Pharmacologic Substance ;
=D-His-6-Pro-8-NEt-LHRH;
[HS900] HORMONES/SYNTHETICS/MODIFIERS, OTHER =(6-D-(2-Naphthyl)alanine)LHRH Acetate;
| - 51. DNA probe
- [A piece of DNA that has been labeled, usually radioactively or with a fluorescent dye, which is used in hybridization studies. Applications include Northern and Southern blots, in situ hybridization techniques, and diagnostic tests. DNA probes can be highly specific or degenerate. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012893) =Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide; Indicator, Reagent, or Diagnostic Aid
|
- 3. DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 3 Beta
- [DNA Methyltransferase 3B, encoded by the human DNMT3B gene, is required for genome wide de novo methylation and is essential for development. This nuclear protein interacts with UBL1 and UBE2I9. Six isoforms (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are produced by alternative splicing but isoforms 4 and 5 are probably not functional due to the deletion of two conserved methyltransferase motifs. Isoform 1 is expressed in all tissues except brain, skeletal muscle and PBMC, 3 is ubiquitous, 4 is expressed in all tissues except brain, skeletal muscle, lung and prostate and 5 is detectable only in testis and at very low level in brain and prostate. Defects in DNMT3B are a cause of immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. ICF is biochemically characterized by hypomethylation of CpG sites in some regions of heterochromatin. (From LocusLink, Swiss-Prot and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1452577) DNA Methyltransferase 3B;
DNA Methyltransferase HsaIIIB;
DNA MTase HsaIIIB;
DNMT3B;
DNMT3B Protein;
EC 2.1.1.37;
ICF;
M.HsaIIIB =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | - 52. DNA Proofreading
- [A function of the mismatch repair (MMR) system that promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication. This function is critically dependent on the assembly of multimeric complexes involved in mismatch recognition and signal transduction to downstream repair events. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1155660) DNA Replication Proofreading;
Proofreading of DNA Replication =Genetic Function |
- 4. DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 3 Beta Gene
- [This gene plays a role in embryonic development, imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333242) DNMT3B;
DNMT3B Gene;
=Gene or Genome ;
| - 53. DNA purification
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0872148) =Laboratory Procedure ;
|
- 5. DNA Alkylation
- [DNA Alkylation involves the addition of alkyl groups to any of several vulnerable positions on all four of the DNA bases. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. (Gene Ontology and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1158483) =Genetic Function
| - 54. DNA rearrangement
- [covalent DNA changes in cells during normal differentiation resulting in new sequences, expression, or gene products; mechanism of binding site diversification for antibodies, certain receptors, and possibly other proteins. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0017287) =Genetic Function ;
=immunogenetics;
DNA Recombination;
Molecular Genetics;
|
- 6. DNA Alteration
- [any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the genotype and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0596611) =Genetic Function =Genetics;
Molecular Genetics =Aberrant Chromosome;
DNA damage;
gene deletion;
gene duplication;
suppressor mutation;
Frameshift;
point mutation;
LOH;
mutant | - 55. DNA Recombination
- [natural process of exchange of DNA between two homologous chromosomes during mitosis; do not confuse with RECOMBINANT DNA, which applies to artificial DNA constructs. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0034865) =Genetic Function =Molecular Genetics;
=genetic crossing over;
gene conversion;
DNA rearrangement |
- 7. DNA amplification
- [The process by which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment. [ISBN:0721601464] ( GO )] (UMLS (CSP) C0683230) =Genetic Function ;
| - 56. DNA redundancy
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0598498) =Genetic Function ;
|
- 8. DNA analysis
- [Any DNA based laboratory tests. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0200898) =Laboratory Procedure
| - 57. DNA Repair Deficiency
- (UMLS (NCI) C0268134) =Disease or Syndrome ;
|
- 9. DNA bank
- [A collection of DNA molecules that have been cloned in vectors. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0872147) DNA library;
Library =Gene or Genome; Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide | - 58. DNA Repair Endonuclease
- [DNA Repair Endonucleases specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of interior DNA phosphodiester bonds during correction of errors in DNA structure and sequence to protect genetic information against chemical, radiation or spontaneous damage and against replication errors, and to restore DNA to its original state. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333236) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
|
- 10. DNA Binding
- [Used in reference to proteins or low molecular weight solutes (ligands) that interact specifically with DNA, in either a DNA-sequence dependent or independent fashion. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1148673) DNA Binding Interaction =Genetic Function ;
| - 59. DNA Repair Gene
- [DNA Repair Genes encode DNA Repair Proteins, involved in enzymatic restoration of DNA structure after chemical, radiation, or spontaneous damage. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333237) =Gene or Genome ;
|
- 11. DNA binding protein
- [diverse group of viral and genetic regulatory proteins which bind in a sequence-specific manner to DNA, and share common structural motifs such as the "zinc-finger," "helix-turn-helix," and "leucine zipper." ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012940) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
=binding protein;
=transcription factor;
immediate early protein;
HIF 1;
c-fos Protein;
EBP | - 60. DNA repair methyltransferase
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0872149) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
|
- 12. DNA biosynthesis
- [process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated in vivo, or studies of the natural process in vitro; for artificial synthesis, see NUCLEIC ACID CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS and its narrower terms. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0598312) =Genetic Function =cell cycle;
nucleic acid biosynthesis =replicon;
DNA replication origin;
| - 61. DNA Repair Protein
- [Any of the proteins involved in the enzymatic restoration of DNA structure after chemical, radiation, or spontaneous damage. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1366764) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance
|
- 13. DNA chemical synthesis
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C1328870) DNA synthesis =Laboratory Procedure; ;
| - 62. DNA Repair Protein RAD51 Homolog 3
- [Encoded by human RAD51C Gene (RECA Family, RAD51 Subfamily), the 376-amino acid 42 kD RAD51 Homolog C is a probable nuclear protein likely involved in meiotic recombination and repair of damaged DNA. Highest expression is observed in testis, heart muscle, spleen, and prostate. RAD51 family members are strand-transfer proteins thought involved in recombinational repair of damaged DNA and in meiotic recombination. RAD51C protein interacts strongly with RAD51B and moderately with XRCC3 DNA repair proteins, but not with itself. The RAD51C/XRCC3 complex binds single-stranded, but not duplex, DNA. (from Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1448265) RAD51 Homolog C;
RAD51C;
RAD51L2;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
|
- 14. DNA damage
- [drug or radiation effects on DNA that interfere with normal function, including conformational distortions and covalent gene mutations. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012860) =Cell or Molecular Dysfunction ;
=DNA Alteration;
=Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer | - 63. DNA Repair Protein RAD54-Like
- [RAD54-Like Protein (RAD54L), encoded by the RAD54L gene, belongs to the DEAD-like helicase superfamily. RAD54L plays a role in homologous recombination related repair of DNA double-strand breaks. The binding of RAD54L to double-strand DNA induces a DNA topological change, which facilitates homologous DNA paring and stimulates DNA recombination. (From LocusLink) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0534064) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance
|
- 15. DNA Damage Repair
- [reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions; the major repair mechanisms are excision repair, photoreactivation repair, and post-replication repair. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0012899) =Genetic Function ;
=nucleic acid metabolism;
| - 64. DNA Repair Protein XRCC1
- [X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1 (XRCC1), encoded by the XRCC1 gene, functions in the repair of single-strand DNA breaks and sister chromatid exchange. With no catalytic activity, XRCC1 is required to interact with polynucleotide kinase (PNK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, linking DNA polymerase-beta and DNA ligase III (LIG3) with single-strand break repair and short-patch base excision repair, respectively, after treatment with ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. In the initial step of processing damaged DNA ends, XRCC1 stimulates the DNA kinase and DNA phosphatase activities of PNK at damaged DNA termini, thus accelerating the overall repair reaction in mammalian single-strand break repair pathway. XRCC1 is also required for full activity of LIG3 in rejoining of broken DNA strands. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0250029) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
|
- 16. DNA directed DNA polymerase
- [Nucleotidyltransferases that catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA. EC 2.7.7.7 or EC 2.7.7.49 ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012892) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =EC 2.7.7;
| - 65. DNA Repair Protein XRCC2
- [X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 2, encoded by the XRCC2 gene, is a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. XRCC2 is essential for the efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination between sister chromatids and it functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1, a repair-deficient mutant that exhibits hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents. XRCC2 also may have a role in meiosis. (from OMIM 600375, LocusLink 7516 and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0676905) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
|
- 17. DNA directed RNA polymerase
- [RNA polymerases comprise a group of enzymes that catalyze extension, one nucleotide at a time, of the 3 prime-end of an RNA strand along a complementary DNA template. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0035681) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =EC 2.7.7;
| - 66. DNA Repair Protein XRCC3
- [X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 3 (XRCC3), encoded by the XRCC3 gene, is a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. XRCC3 interacts directly with RAD51 and may cooperate with RAD51 during recombinational repair. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity and exposure to UV radiation is a major risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma. DNA damage caused by UV radiation is thought to play a major role in carcinogenesis. The association between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and the development of malignant melanoma, a T allele at position 18067 in exon 7 of the XRCC3 gene is significantly associated with melanoma development. (from OMIM 600675, LocusLink 7517 and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1337025) X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 3;
X-Ray-Repair, Complementing Defective, Repair In Chinese Hamster;
XRCC3;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance |
- 18. DNA Directed RNA Polymerase II Polypeptide A
- [Encoded by human POLR2A Gene (RNA Polymerase Beta Prime Chain Family), nuclear 1970-aa 220-kD DNA Directed RNA Polymerase II Polypeptide A is the largest of 12 subunits of RNA polymerase II that catalyzes transcription of DNA in eukaryotes into mRNA precursor. The C-terminal domain (CTD) heptapeptide repeats contain highly phosphorylated activating serine and threonine residues. POLR2A and other subunits form the polymerase DNA binding domain, where the DNA template is transcribed. POLR2A couples transcription with pre-mRNA processing. The hyperphosphorylated CTD interacts with FNBP3 and recruits factors for mRNA capping, splicing, and 3'-processing. POLR2A interacts with SAFB/SAFB1. POLR2A is ubiquitinated after damage of genes repaired by transcription-coupled repair. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333229) DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase II Largest Subunit;
hRPB220;
hsRPB1;
POLR2;
POLR2A;
POLRA;
Polymerase (RNA) II (DNA Directed) Polypeptide A (220kD);
Polymerase (RNA) II (DNA Directed) Polypeptide A, 220kDa;
RNA Polymerase II 220 kD Subunit;
RPB1;
RPBh1;
RpIILS;
RPO2;
RPOL2 =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | - 67. DNA Repair Protein XRCC9
- [Expressed in testis, thymus, and lymphoblasts by human FANCG Gene, 622-aa 68.5-kD DNA Repair Protein XRCC9 contains an N-terminal leucine-zipper motif and belongs to a multisubunit nuclear protein complex with PHF9, FANCA, FANCC, FANCE, and FANCF. Implicated in interstrand DNA cross-link repair and in maintenance of normal chromosome stability, FANCG may operate in postreplication repair or in a cell cycle checkpoint. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333238) FANCG;
Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G;
Fanconi Anemia Group G Protein;
X-Ray Repair Complementing Defective Repair In Chinese Hamster Cells 9;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance |
- 19. DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and V(D)J Recombination Protein XRCC4
- [X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 4, encoded by the XRCC4 gene, functions together with DNA ligase IV and the DNA-dependent protein kinase in the repair of DNA double-strand break by non-homologous end joining and the completion of V(D)J recombination events. The non-homologous end-joining pathway is required both for normal development and for suppression of tumors. XRCC4 functionally complements XR-1 Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant, which is impaired in DNA double-strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation and restriction enzymes. XRCC4 is a ubiquitously expressed protein. Alternative transcription initiation and alternative splicing generates several transcript variants and two protein isoforms. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1337026) DNA Repair Protein XRCC4;
X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 4;
X-Ray Repair, Complementing Defective, Repair In Chinese Hamster;
XRCC4 =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance | - 68. DNA replication fork
- [DNA replication is a process that allows two new double helixes of DNA to be created from one double helix. During replication, Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules are mobilized, where the enzymes replicating a DNA molecule bind to an untwisted, single DNA strand. This Y-shaped region is referred to as a replication fork. Bacteria and viruses only process one replication fork at a time, while eukaryotic DNA has many replication forks moving along DNA strands at the same time. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0598316) =Genetic Function
|
- 20. DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-1
- [DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1, encoded by the ERCC1 gene, is a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease responsible for the 5-prime incision during DNA repair. Its C-terminal is essential for enzymatic activity and the central region is involved in protein-protein interactions. The ERCC1 gene is involved in UV cross-link repair and nucleotide excision repair (NER). With p53 monitoring DNA damage, either XPA loads and possibly orients an incision complex, containing ERCC1 and other repair factors, to the site of DNA damage or XPA, ERCC1, and ERCC4 proteins form a ternary complex that participates in both damage recognition and incision activities. In the absence of DNA damage, the complex moved freely through the nucleus. Ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage causes a transient immobilization of ERCC1/XPF to engage the complex in a single repair event. Afterwards, the complex regains mobility. (From OMIM 126380 and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333483) ERCC1;
Excision Repair Cross-Complementing 1;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | - 69. DNA Replication Initiation
- [DNA polymerases are not capable of de novo DNA synthesis and require synthesis of a primer, usually by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (primase) to begin DNA synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, the primer is synthesized by DNA polymerase alpha:primase. First, the DNA primase portion of this complex synthesizes approximately 6-10 nucleotides of RNA primer and then the DNA polymerase portion synthesizes an additional 20 nucleotides of DNA. (from MedLine 11395402) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1155650) Replication Initiation;
=Genetic Function |
- 21. DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-4
- [DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-4, encoded by the ERCC4 gene, is a DNA repair protein. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) involves incision of a DNA strand on each side of a lesion. The two incisions made during NER are catalyzed by separate DNA endonucleases. A tight protein complex formed between ERCC4 and ERCC1 acts as a structure-specific endonuclease for the 5-prime incision during repair. Without DNA damage, this complex moves freely through the nucleus. Ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage causes a transient immobilization of ERCC4/ERCC1 due to engagement of the complex in a single repair event after assembly of individual nucleotide excision repair factors at sites of DNA damage in a distributive fashion. Causative mutations in the ERCC4 gene and strongly reduced levels of encoded protein can be identified in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum type F. (From OMIM and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333231) ERCC4;
RAD1;
XPF;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | - 70. DNA Replication Licensing Factor MCM6
- [Widely expressed by E2F-regulated human MCM6 Gene (MCM Family), 821-aa 93-kDa DNA Replication Licensing Factor MCM6 is a highly conserved MCM protein essential for replication initiation and related to ATP-dependent helicases that binds to origin recognition complex during G1, detaches from it during S phase, and prevents over-replication. Repressed in quiescent cells, MCM6 is rapidly induced at G1/S by growth factor stimulation; protein level peaks at G1/S. A stable MCM2/4/6/7 complex exhibits DNA unwinding ATPase/DNA helicase activity involved in replication initiation. MCM2/4/6/7 phosphorylation by CDC2 kinase reduces helicase activity. Hexameric MCM2-7 complex is a key element of the pre-replication complex and may be involved in formation of replication forks and in recruitment of replication factors. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333240) MCM6;
Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 6;
MIS5;
P105MCM;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance |
- 22. DNA Excision Repair Protein ERCC-5
- [XPG-Complementing Protein, encoded by the ERCC5 gene is involved in transcription-coupled repair of UV-induced DNA damage. It is a single-strand specific DNA endonuclease that nicks damaged DNA 3-prime to the lesion in nucleotide excision repair as a result of the combined action of the XPB helicase and XPD helicase following sequential assembly of repair proteins at the DNA damage site. In addition, it associates with CSA, CSB, or both proteins at the transcriptional pause sites to facilitate the resumption of transcript elongation without aborting the associated nascent transcript by pushing the stalled RNA polymerase II either forward or backward not only from the damaged site but also from some natural transcription pause sites. Mutational inactivation of XPG causes Cockayne syndrome, which is characterized by severe growth defects, mental retardation, and cachexia. (from OMIM 133530, LocusLink 2073 and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333232) DNA-Repair Protein Complementing XP-G Cells;
ERCC5;
ERCM2;
UVDR;
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group G Complementing Protein;
XPG;
XPGC;
XPG-Complementing Protein =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | - 71. DNA replication origin
- [position along a molecule at which DNA replication begins. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0596456) =Genetic Function =DNA biosynthesis;
|
- 23. DNA Exonuclease
- [family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of DNA; includes members of the class EC 3.1.11 that produce 5'-phosphomonoesters as cleavage products. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0015284) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =exonuclease;
| - 72. DNA sequence
- [The sequence of nucleotide residues along a DNA chain. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0162326) =Nucleotide Sequence; Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide
|
- 24. DNA fingerprinting
- [A procedure in which multilocus band patterns of a DNA sample are generated by digestion of the DNA with restriction enzymes followed by electrophoresis and visualization by hybridization with probes specific for repetitive sequences. In forensic medicine, the probes used are "core" sequences specific for simple tandem-repetitive sequences (minisatellite repeats or VNTRs). The multilocus band patterns, known as DNA fingerprints, are evaluated for similarities with DNA from an individual. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0079247) =Molecular Biology Research Technique
| - 73. DNA strand break
- [A DNA Strand Break involves one or more disruptions of the covalent linkages among phosphodeoxyribose moieties within the sugar-phosphate backbone in one or in both strands of a DNA molecule. ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0872150) =Cell or Molecular Dysfunction ;
|
- 25. DNA footprinting
- [test for the presence and specificity of DNA binding proteins and their binding sites on DNA, based on their tendency to prevent DNA cleavage by restriction enzymes. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0282579) =Molecular Biology Research Technique ;
=chromosome mapping;
| - 74. DNA Synthesis Factor
- [family of structurally related polypeptides which have important roles in cell development, differentiation, and motility, as well as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, wound healing, and tumor growth. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0016026) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
=Growth Agents;
|
- 26. DNA glycosylase
- [A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA. ( MSH )] (UMLS (CSP) C0114612) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
| - 75. DNA Therapy
- [introduction of functioning gene or genes into cells for the purpose of correcting an inborn genetic error, treating a disease by restoring or adding gene expression, or providing a new function to the cell; new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0017296) =Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure ;
=Therapeutic Interventions;
genetic manipulation |
- 27. DNA gyrase
- [catalyzes the twisting of relaxed, circular DNA into a super coiled state. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0949782) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =isomerase;
| - 76. DNA topoisomerase
- [DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix. ( MSH )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012920) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =isomerase;
|
- 28. DNA Helicase
- [nonEC; ATP-driven topoisomerase which unwinds duplex DNA immediately prior to replication or transcription. ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0920283) DNA unwinding enzyme;
Helicase;
Helicases =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
=isomerase;
| - 77. DNA topoisomerase (ATP hydrolyzing)
- [Topoisomerase II catalyzes relaxation of supercoiled DNA molecules, catenation, decatenation, knotting, and unknotting of circular DNA. The topoisomerase II reaction appears to involve crossing-over of two DNA segments. Human cells contain two topoisomerase II isozymes: alpha and beta from distinct genes. DNA topoisomerase II alpha is associated with the Pol II holoenzyme and is required for chromatin-dependent co-activation. Transcription results in superhelical tension; topoisomerase II relaxation activity is essential for productive RNA synthesis on nucleosomal DNA. (from OMIM 126430 and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012863) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
|
- 29. DNA Insertion Elements
- (UMLS (NCI) C0600204) =Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide; Biologically Active Substance ;
| - 78. DNA Topoisomerase I
- [Encoded by human TOP1 Gene (TOPI Family), 765-aa 90.7-kD monomeric DNA Topoisomerase I catalyzes transient ATP-independent breaking/rejoining of DNA and controls DNA topology during transcription. DNA topoisomerases I and II relax negative and positive supercoils; TOP1 breaks single DNA strands, TOP2 breaks duplex DNA. Specifically inhibited by the antitumor plant alkaloid CPT, when TOP1 breaks the DNA backbone bond it forms a protein-DNA link (a tyrosyl oxygen joins to a DNA strand end phosphorus). (from LocusLink, Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1458146) TOP1;
Topo I;
Topoisomerase (DNA) I;
Topoisomerase I;
Topoisomerase, DNA, I;
Type I DNA Topoisomerase =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme |
- 30. DNA Integration
- [In molecular biology, a recombination event in which a genetic element is inserted. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1158478) Integration;
=Genetic Function | - 79. DNA Topoisomerase II
- [Encoded by human TOP2A Gene (TOPII Family), alternative homodimeric nuclear DNA Topoisomerase II, Alpha isoforms 1 (1531-aa, 174.4-kD), 2 (1557-aa), 3 (1567-aa), and 4 (1612-aa) control DNA topology. TOP2A catalyzes transient ATP-dependent double-strand breakage/relaxation and rejoining of negative/positive supercoiled DNA during transcription, replication, chromosome condensation, and chromatid separation. TOPII reactions likely involve crossing-over. TOP2A is associated with Pol II holoenzyme. Inhibited by intercalating amsacrine, TOP2A is a target for several anticancer agents. Mutations are linked with drug resistance and perhaps ataxia-telangiectasia. (from LocusLink, Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0256022) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
|
- 31. DNA Intercalating Agent
- [Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA. ( MSH )] (UMLS (NCI) C0021717) =Indicator, Reagent, or Diagnostic Aid
| - 80. DNA Topoisomerase II Binding Protein
- [Topoisomerase (DNA) II Binding Protein (TOPBP1), encoded by the TopBP1 gene, is a 173-kD binding protein that interacts with the C-terminal region of topoisomerase II beta. TOPBP1 may stimulate catalytic activity of topoisomerase II beta through transient breakages of DNA strands. (From LocusLink) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0671110) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance
|
- 32. DNA joinase
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0208356) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
| - 81. DNA Topoisomerase II Binding Protein Gene
- [This gene is involved in DNA replication and apoptosis regulation. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1336660) TOPBP1;
TOPBP1 Gene =Gene or Genome ;
|
- 33. DNA Ligation
- [The joining together of two or more nucleic acid molecules by the action of ligase ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1155649) =Genetic Function
| - 82. DNA Topoisomerase II, 180 kD
- [Encoded by human TOP2B Gene (TOPII Family), alternative homodimeric nuclear DNA Topoisomerase II, Beta isoforms: 2 (1626-aa, 183-kD) and 1 (1621-aa) control DNA topology. TOP2B catalyzes transient ATP-dependent double-strand breakage/relaxation and rejoining of negative/positive supercoiled DNA during transcription, replication, chromosome condensation, and chromatid separation. With 72% similarity in TOP2, TOP2A/B N-terminal ATPase and central breakage/reunion domains are conserved; the C-terminal domains differ markedly. The TOP2B C-terminus contains potential phosphorylation sites. TOP2B is a target for several anticancer agents. Mutations are linked with drug resistance and perhaps ataxia-telangiectasia. (from LocusLink, Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1504636) DNA Topoisomerase II, Beta Isozyme;
TOP2B;
Topo II Beta;
Topoisomerase (DNA) II Beta (180kD);
Topoisomerase (DNA) II Beta 180kDa;
Topoisomerase II Beta;
Topoisomerase, DNA, II, Beta;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
|
- 34. DNA Maintenance
- [DNA Maintenance involves cellular mechanisms that maintain DNA integrity. In many organisms, maintenance of DNA integrity requires not only faithful DNA replication, but also DNA repair and recombination. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0796351) DNA Stability =Diagnostic Procedure
| - 83. DNA Topoisomerase III
- [Topoisomerase III belongs to type IA topoisomerases subfamily (includes archaebacterial reverse gyrase, bacterial topo I and topo III, which all form covalent 5'phosphotyrosine linkage with cleaved DNA). Topo III does not play a major role in regulating DNA supercoiling, however, genetic experiments implicate that it plays a role in suppressing mitotic recombination and in resolving recombined homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. Topo III also has been demonstrated to interact with RecQ family of DNA helicases, which includes the Bloom's syndrome, Werner's syndrome, and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome gene products. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0114645) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
|
- 35. DNA mapping
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C1328871) =Intellectual Product; ;
| - 84. DNA Topoisomerase III Alpha
- [Expressed in multiple somatic tissues (highest in testis, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas), human TOP3 Gene (TOPI/III Family) encodes long (1001-aa, 112-kD) and short (976-aa) alternative DNA Topoisomerase III Alpha isoforms that share no homology with DNA TOPI. TOP3A catalyzes transient ATP-independent breaking/rejoining of single DNA strands, reducing negative supercoils and controlling DNA topology during transcription. The enzyme forms a complex with BLM (aa 1-133 of BLM), which recruits TOP3A to PML nuclear bodies and regulates somatic sister chromatid recombination. (from LocusLink, Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1336768) TOP3A;
TOPO III Alpha;
Topo III-Alpha;
Topoisomerase (DNA) III Alpha;
Topoisomerase III Alpha;
Topoisomerase, DNA, III;
Topoisomerase, DNA, III, Alpha;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme |
- 36. DNA marker
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0012872) =Laboratory or Test Result; Sign or Symptom
| - 85. DNA Topoisomerase III Beta
- [Expressed as 3 alternative isoforms in testis, heart, skeletal muscle, thymus, kidney, and pancreas by human TOP3B Gene (Topoisomerase I/III Family), Topoisomerase III Beta is a DNA topoisomerase that interacts with DNA helicase SGS1; plays a role in DNA recombination, cellular aging, and maintenance of genome stability; and controls/alters DNA topology by relieving torsional stress in negatively supercoiled DNA during transcription. TOP3B catalyzes transient ATP-independent breaking and rejoining of DNA single-strands. Alternative C-terminal splicing results in three transcript variants that have distinct tissue specificity. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1097583) TOP3B;
Topoisomerase III Beta;
Topoisomerase IIIB =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
|
- 37. DNA methylation
- [addition of methyl groups to DNA; DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using s-asenosylmethionine as the methyl group donor. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0376452) =Genetic Function =nucleic acid methylation;
| - 86. DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- [A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0598317) =Pharmacologic Substance
|
- 38. DNA Methyltransferases
- [An enzyme that binds to specific DNA sequences and protects the nucleotides therein. The nucleotide sequence contains a cognate recognition sequence that is protected from digestion by exonucleases. The enzyme protects the sequence by methylation on an adenine or cytosine residue. If the DNA is left unprotected, it will be proteolytically cleaved by host endonucleases. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0012873) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
| - 87. DNA Topoisomerase IV
- [Topoisomerase IV belongs to type II topoisomerase family (includes bacterial DNA gyrase, and eukaryotic topo II). The type II enzymes are multisubunit proteins, and require ATP for overall catalytic activity. Topoisomerase IV (is a potent decatenase) is required to untangle daughter chromosomes following replication. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0082329) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme ;
|
- 39. DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Homolog
- [Associated with colon, endometrial, and stomach cancers, DNA Mismatch Repair Protein PMS2, a 97-kD protein encoded by the ubiquitously expressed PMS2 Gene (MUTL/HEXB family) is involved with MSH2 and MLH1 in mismatch repair of dinucleotide and trinucleotide sequences. PMS2 is part of the BASC genome surveillance complex. MSH2 and MLH1 interact with PMS1, PMS2, and MSH6. Essential for repair of replication slippage errors, PMS2 is a cloned gene for Turcot syndrome and Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer. Transcribed from the opposite strand, JTV1 overlaps PMS2. (From SWISS-PROT, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333235) DNA Mismatch Repair Protein PMS2;
PMS2 =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance | - 88. DNA transfer to foreign host
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0599565) =Genetic Function; Molecular Biology Research Technique
|
- 40. DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MLH3
- [DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MLH3, encoded by the MLH3 gene, is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and two isoforms are produced by alternative splicing. MLH3 interacts with MLH1 and shares the same interacting region on MLH1 with PMS1 and PMS2. The balance of these three competing MLH1 partners might be important in the repair of mismatches in DNA. Malfunction of the mismatch repair system results in a mutator phenotype, which is manifested as microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is often divided into 2 forms: MSI-high (MSI-H) and MSI-low (MSI-L), based quantitatively on the observed frequency of genomic mutations. An appreciable frequency of somatic MLH3 mutations in MSI-H tumors is consistent with a possible role for this gene in the progression of colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Germline mutations of the MLH3 gene may also play a role in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333233) MLH3;
MutL Protein Homolog 3 =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance | - 89. DNA Tumor Virus
- [A virus which uses DNA to code its genome and causes tumors in animals. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0012917) =Virus ;
|
- 41. DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2
- [DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH2, encoded by the MSH2 gene (MUTS family) is a postreplication mismatch repair homologue of mutS (E. coli), which binds to insertion-deletion looped DNA mismatches. MutS homologues have ATPase activity and contain a conserved DNA binding helix-turn-helix domain associated with an adenine nucleotide/magnesium-binding Walker-A motif that may regulate mismatch binding as a molecular switch. ADP-bound MSH2/MSH6 binds to mismatched DNA, provoking ADP/ATP exchange and MSH2/MSH6 migration along the DNA backbone. DNA-bound, ATP-bound MSH2/MSH6 activates the repair machinery. MSH2 is part of the multisubunit BASC complex, which may sense abnormal DNA structures and regulate postreplication repair. This association could be a dynamic process changing throughout the cell cycle and within subnuclear domains. MSH2 alteration is associated with DNA instability. (From SWISS-PROT, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333234) MSH2;
MutS Homolog 2 =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance | - 90. DNA Vaccine
- [DNA vaccines are used in vaccination in way that differs from those are designed to be inserted into germ line of vaccines. Therefore, this is a vaccine not a therapy for modifying genetic information (gene therapy). Direct innoculation of DNA vaccine causes expression of the recombinant DNA by cells in the inoculated host. This expression of the recombinant DNA produces protein of interest that promotes antibody, cytolytic T cell and protective immune responses. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0376613) =Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide; Pharmacologic Substance; Immunologic Factor
|
- 42. DNA Mismatch Repair Protein MSH6
- [The G/T Binding Protein (GTBP), encoded by the MSH6 gene, forms Mismatch-Binding Factor with MSH2. Associated with colon, endometrial, and stomach cancers, the MSH6 Gene is a cloned gene for Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer. GTBP contains a PWWP domain, binds to G/T mismatches, is required for base/base and single-nucleotide insertion-deletion repairs, and increases the proficiency of two-four nucleotide insertion-deletion repair. ADP-bound MSH2/MSH6 binds to mismatched DNA, provoking ADP/ATP exchange and MSH2/MSH6 migration along the DNA backbone. DNA-bound, ATP-bound MSH2/MSH6 activates the repair machinery. MSH6 is part of the multisubunit BASC complex, which may sense abnormal DNA structures and regulate postreplication repair. This association could be a dynamic process changing throughout the cell cycle and within subnuclear domains. (From SWISS-PROT, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0299348) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance ;
| - 91. DNA virus
- [virus whose genome consists of DNA. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012923) =Virus ;
=virus;
=Adenoviridae;
Hepadnaviridae;
herpes virus;
Parvoviridae;
pox virus;
Baculoviral;
Papovaviridae |
- 43. DNA Mismatch Repair Protein PMS1
- [DNA Mismatch Repair Protein PMS1, encoded by the PMS1 gene, is implicated, with MSH2 and MLH1, in mismatch repair of dinucleotide and trinucleotide sequences. A cloned gene for Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer, the PMS1 Gene (MUTL/HEXB family) at 2q31-q33 is associated with colon, endometrial, and stomach cancers. Human PMSL genes exhibit homology to bacterial mutL genes and yeast PMS1 gene. (From SWISS-PROT, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0258380) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance
| - 92. DNA-Activated Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit
- [Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated, Catalytic Subunit (PRKDC), encoded by the PRKDC gene, is a nuclear protein serine/threonine kinase of a multiprotein complex DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Two protein isoforms are produced by alternative splicing and binds DNA for catalysis. PRKDC relies on the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 autoantigen, the DNA-binding DNA-PK component, to direct it to DNA double-stranded breaks for other discontinuities in the DNA double helix and trigger its kinase activity. PRKDC is critical for repair of DNA double strand breaks via the nonhomologous DNA end joining, telomere maintenance via telomere capping, innate immune response via V(D)J recombination (where V is variable, D is diversity, and J is joining) as well as transcriptional regulation via p53, the site-specific recombination process in developing B and T lymphocytes to generate the variable regions of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0212694) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
|
- 44. DNA Modification
- [Biological processes that involve adding/removing chemical moieties to/from DNA, including methylation, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, etc. occurring either in vivo or in vitro. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1158479) DNA Modification Process;
=Genetic Function | - 93. DNA-Binding Protein Inhibitor ID-2
- [Encoded by human ID2 Gene (bHLH/ID Family) and expressed in most fetal tissues, 134-aa nuclear ID2 Protein is an HLH protein, lacking a basic DNA-binding domain, that heterodimerizes through the HLH domain with, and inhibits DNA binding of, other bHLH transcription factors in a dominant-negative manner by suppressing their heterodimerization with functional partners. ID proteins promote cell proliferation and likely influence of cell differentiation. ID2 inhibits antiproliferative effects of active, hypophosphorylated RB, p107, and p130 tumor suppressor proteins, allowing cell cycle progression. By inactivating RB, ID2 also abolishes p16 growth inhibitory protein function. During normal cell cycle, RB inhibits ID2 action on its targets. MYC activates ID2 transcription. (from LocusLink, Swiss-Prot, OMIM, and NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0123156) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance
|
- 45. DNA Molecular Biology
- [study of biological processes at the molecular level, including membrane biochemistry, cytoskeleton biochemistry, and structural biology in addition to molecular genetics (see NTs and RTs). ( CSP )] (UMLS (NCI) C0026376) =Biomedical Occupation or Discipline ;
=Biologic;
=computer assisted sequence analysis;
structural biology;
molecular biology information system;
proteomics;
molecular assembly;
small molecule;
| - 94. DNA-Binding Transcriptional Activator
- [Expressed in fetal brain, lung, liver, and kidney by human NCYM Gene, 109-aa 12-kDa DNA-Binding Transcriptional Activator NCYM contains a helix-loop-helix motif and a basic region. NCYM appears to function as a DNA-binding protein during normal fetal development and is implicated in the pathogenesis of human tumors. The NCYM transcription unit is located on the opposite strand to NMYC, with extensive overlap between the 5-prime ends of the two units. NMYC and NCYM appear to be coregulated under basal growth conditions and in response to retinoic acid. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1333228) DNA-Binding Transcriptional Activator NCYM;
MYCNOS;
NCYM;
NCYM Protein;
V-Myc Myelocytomatosis Viral Related Oncogene, Neuroblastoma Derived (Avian) Opposite Strand;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Biologically Active Substance |
- 46. DNA nucleotidyltransferase
- [Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-. ( MSH )] (UMLS (CSP) C0012882) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme
| - 95. DnaJ Homolog Subfamily B Member 4 Gene
- [This gene plays a role in both transcriptional regulation and cellular viability. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1423025) DNAJB4;
DNAJB4 Gene =Gene or Genome |
- 47. DNA Ploidy Analysis
- [A test used to measure nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content (ploidy or multiplicity of the basic number of chromosomes) in a cell. ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C0796359) =Diagnostic Procedure
| - 96. DNase protection assay
- [ ] (UMLS (CSP) C0598310) =Molecular Biology Research Technique ;
|
- 48. DNA primase
- [nonEC; enzyme which synthesizes a short RNA primer to initiate DNA- directed DNA biosynthesis. ( CSP )] (UMLS (CSP) C0058594) =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme =EC 2.7.7;
| - 97. DNAX-Activation Protein 12
- [Encoded by human TYROBP Gene, 113-aa 12-kDa (precursor) disulfide-linked homodimeric Tyr-phosphorylated TYRO Protein Tyrosine Kinase Binding Protein is a type I transmembrane polypeptide containing a cytoplasmic ITAM motif that may act as an activating signal transduction element in bone modeling, brain myelination, and inflammation. TYROBP associates with KIR family membrane glycoproteins without a cytoplasmic ITIM; KIR/TYROBP complexes promote cellular activation. TYROBP interacts with SIRPB1 and may bind TCR zeta chain-associated ZAP-70 kinase and SYK tyrosine kinase. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1336693) TYRO Protein Tyrosine Kinase Binding Protein;
TYROBP;
=Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Immunologic Factor |
- 49. DNA Primase 1
- [Encoded by human PRIM1 Gene (Eukaryotic Primase Small Subunit Family), 420-aa 49-kDa Primase Polypeptide 1 is the small subunit of heterodimeric DNA Primase. Eukaryotic DNA replication involves a chromosomal replication apparatus containing key enzymatic components DNA Primase and DNA Polymerase Alpha. DNA Primase is a polymerase that synthesizes small RNA primers for Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication. Zinc bound to a PRIM1 zinc knuckle motif appears be involved in sequence recognition and binding of ssDNA. (NCI) ( NCI )] (UMLS (NCI) C1335494) DNA Primase 49kDa Subunit;
DNA Primase Small Subunit;
DNA Primase Subunit 48;
PRIM1;
Primase p49 Subunit;
Primase Polypeptide 1;
Primase, p49 Subunit =Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein; Enzyme | |
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